On this date in 1836,* the deposed President of Peru was shot with his comrades by the new Bolivian boss.
The youngest ever to head his country, Felipe Santiago Salaverry (English Wikipedia entry | the much more detailed Spanish) abandoned his studies in 1820 for the romance of soldiery.
He was all of 15.
By age 28, he was a brigadier general, fresh off crushing a bunch of rebels in the 1834 civil war.
He must have decided he could build a better mousetrap, because by 1835 Salaverry was rebelling himself. He chased off President Luis Orbegoso and was cock of the walk in Peru from the spring of 1835 until the first days of 1836.
By then, his exiled predecessor had made common cause with their Andean neighbor, Bolivian strongman Andres de Santa Cruz — who now proceeded to invade into southern Peru, where Orbegoso remained more popular than his usurper.
Salaverry answered with panache, pronouncing “Guerra a Muerte” and going on the offensive by crossing the border to raid Cobija where he pulled down the Bolivian flag and dragged it around. He was cocksure in victory after defeating his enemies at the Battle of Uchumayo (there’s a Salaverry Hill at the location, where a crumbling bust of our man stands trapezoidal sentinel).
The march “El ataque de Uchumayo” was originally dubbed “La Salaverrina”
But three days later, he was routed at Socabaya; his escapes cut off, Salaverry had to surrender his presidency and his person to the discretion of his foes. This outcome merged both states into the short-lived Peru-Bolivian Confederation under Santa Cruz, who now bore the Cromwellian title Supreme Protector. (Orbegoso was relegated to the tributary presidency of North Peru.)
But Salaverry was not around to see all that play out because Santa Cruz had he and eight chief officers condemned to death by a drumhead tribunal. Not a one of them had so many as 35 years; Salaverry was still just 29. They were shot together in Arequipa’s Plaza de Armas before a massive, and hostile, crowd: Arequipa was a stronghold for Orbegoso’s forces, and Salaverry in better times had openly relished the prospect of rewarding his own soldiers by putting it to the sack.
My dear Juana,
Within two hours I will be assassinated by Santa Cruz, and I address to you my final vows. I have loved you as you have loved me, and I carry into eternity the profound sorrow that I have made you so unhappy. I preferred my country’s good to my family’s, and I have been permitted neither. Educate my children, care for them; I put my trust in your wisdom and your talents. Do not lose heart that misfortune is the inseparable companion of mortals. Be as happy as you can, and never forget your dear husband.
-Salaverry’s last letter to his wife
* There are some cites out there for February 19. I have had a surprisingly difficult time finding a definitive date for so public and recent an event, but the more numerous and stronger sources — e.g., this very specific narration — prefer the 18th.
On this day..
- 1935: Benita von Falkenhayn and Renate von Natzmer, Germany's last beheadings by axe
- 1820: John and Lavinia Fisher
- 1974: Khosrow Golsorkhi and Keramat Daneshian, Iranian revolutionaries
- 1719: Collmore, Hang'd, Quarter'd and his Intrals burn'd
- Corpses Strewn: Collmore and his gang
- 1813: W. Clements, War of 1812 deserter
- 1478: The Duke of Clarence, in a butt of malmsey
- 1862: Margaret Coghlan, the last woman hanged in Tasmania
- 1799: Constantine Hangerli, tax man
- 1957: Walter James Bolton, the last hanged in New Zealand
- 1960: Oliviu Beldeanu, for the Berne incident
- 1957: Dedan Kimathi, Mau Mau commander
- 1873: Vasil Levski, for Bulgarian independence
Regretfully many Latin American states have not grown up at all. Ever the same old problems joined by new problems.We criticize Africa for NEW unstable states but the old states of Latin America are not much better off..Two centuries of independence and still growing pains and few stable semi-democracies…