On this date in 1600, the emergent Tokugawa Shogunate beheaded three men as rebels in Kyoto after they lost one of the pivotal battles in Japanese history.
The Battle of Sekigahara, on Oct. 21 of that same year, had pitted the shogunate’s founder Tokugawa Ieyasu against a coalition known as the Western Army.
This was the culmination of Japan’s bloody process of national unification.
The preceding ruler, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, had more or less unified Japan under central authority to end a century of civil war. But when Hideyoshi shuffled off leaving a five-year-old heir, a squabbling coterie of regents began elbowing for position.
The political scene eventually crystallized into one of those regents — the said Tokugawa Ieyasu — against all the others. Give yourself a gold star if you guessed that the guys who had their heads lopped off by the Tokugawa Shogunate played for the “all others” team.
Ishida Mitsunari, a daimyo who served the late national unifier Hideyoshi, became the focal point of the opposition to Ieyasu.*
Mitsunari failed in a 1599 assassination bid on Ieyasu, and so the two came to outright warfare the following year — a war that Ieyasu economically won by routing Mitsunari at the Battle of Sekigahara.
That, in turn, cleared the way for Tokugawa Ieyasu eventually to take the title of shogun and found his eponymous dynasty — a dynasty whose intellectuals circled that decisive battle as the keystone in the arch.
“Evildoers and bandits were vanquished and the entire realm submitted to Lord Ieyasu, praising the establishment of peace and extolling his martial virtue. That this glorious era that he founded may continue for ten thousands upon ten thousands of generations, coeval with heaven and earth!”
–Hayashi Gaho, a little on the optimistic side
Captured after Sekigahara, the “evildoer” Mitsunari was beheaded this date alongside two of his allies: a Christian convert named Konishi Yukinaga, and Ankokuji Ekei of the powerful Mori clan.
* Ishida Mitsunari wasn’t one of the regents; rather, the anti-Ieyasu regents ended up adhering to him.
On this day..
- 1837: Luis Candelas, urban bandit
- 1941: Shura Chekalin, Hero of the Soviet Union
- 1938: Kasym Tynystanov, Kyrgyz intellectual
- 1717: Three spared en route to Tyburn, thanks to Jack Ketch's debts
- 1922: Ali Kemal
- 1863: James Murphy, after a reunion
- 1964: Vuyisile Mini, Zinakile Mkaba and Wilson Khayingo
- 1918: Roman Malinovsky, tinker, tailor, soldier, spy
- 1944: Boy Ecury, Aruban Dutch Resistance hero
- 1793: Philippe Egalite, hoisted on his own petard
- 2003: Four for the oil of Chad
- 1730: Hans Hermann von Katte, Frederick the Great's lover
- 1914: Carl Hans Lody